Explicaciones basadas en razones y sociología analítica. Una réplica a Boudon

El trabajo discute la teoría de la racionalidad ordinaria de Raymond Boudon, así como su valoración de la denominada «sociología analítica». Respecto a la primera cuestión, el artículo argumenta que, para combinar el realismo de una concepción de la racionalidad sin constreñimientos con el poder predictivo ex-ante facto de la versión estándar de la teoría de la elección racional, debemos comprender mejor la relación entre eventos potencialmente desencadenantes y las «razones» del actor. Heurísticas, identidad social y emociones son vistas como buenas candidatas para avanzar en esa dirección. En lo que se refiere a la segunda cuestión, el artículo recuerda algunos elementos factuales, sugiere que la valoración de Boudon de la sociología analítica es excesivamente severa y explica por qué algunos sociólogos analíticos dedican especial atención a los modelos computacionales.The paper discusses Raymond Boudon's theory of ordinary rationality as well as his assessment of the so-called "analytical sociology". On the first point, the paper argues that, in order to combine the realism of an unconstrained conception of rationality with the ex-ante facto predictive power of the narrow version of rational choice theory, we should better understand the relation between potentially triggering events and the actor's "reasons". Heuristics, social identity, and emotions are regarded as good candidates to advance in that direction. On the second point, the paper recalls some factual elements suggesting that Boudon's assessment of analytical sociology is excessively severe and explains why some analytical sociologists are right in devoting especial attention to computational modelling.El treball discuteix la teoria de la racionalitat ordinària de Raymond Boudon, com també la seva valoració de l'anomenada «sociologia analítica». Respecte de la primera qüestió, l'article argumenta que, per combinar el realisme d'una concepció de la racionalitat sense constrenyiments amb el poder predictiu ex-ante facto de la versió estàndard de la teoria de l'elecció racional, hem d'entendre millor la relació entre esdeveniments potencialment desencadenants i les «raons» de l'actor. Heurístiques, identitat social i emocions es consideren bones candidates per avançar en aquesta direcció. Pel que fa a la segona qüestió, l'article recorda alguns elements factuals, suggereix que la valoració de Boudon de la sociologia analítica és excessivament severa i explica per què alguns sociòlegs analítics dediquen una atenció especial als models computacionals

Halting SARS-CoV-2 by Targeting High-Contact Individuals

Network scientists have proposed that infectious diseases involving person-to-person transmission may be effectively halted by targeting interventions at a minority of highly connected individuals. Can this strategy be effective in combating a virus partly transmitted in close-range contact, as many believe SARS-CoV-2 to be? Effectiveness critically depends on high between-person variability in the number of close-range contacts. We analyze population survey data showing that indeed the distribution of close-range contacts across individuals is characterized by a small fraction of individuals reporting very high frequencies. Strikingly, we find that the average duration of contact is mostly invariant in the number of contacts, reinforcing the criticality of hubs. We simulate a population embedded in a network with empirically observed contact frequencies. Simulations show that targeting hubs robustly improves containment

Actions, interactions et structure dans l'émergence de la stratification sociale des diplômes : un modèle de choix discrets avec externalités

L’article présente un modèle générateur de la stratification sociale des diplômes qui tâche de décomposer analytiquement l’émergence de celle-ci en termes de choix individuels, d’interactions directes et indirectes entre eux et de contraintes structurelles qui pèsent sur les acteurs. Le modèle proposé s’inspire de la classe de modèles dits « des choix discrets avec externalités » et se propose de raffiner par là l’une des théorisations les plus couramment adoptées dans les études quantitatives de la stratification éducative, à savoir l’approche dite « du choix éducatif rationnel ». L’article guide le lecteur à travers les étapes de construction et d’étude du modèle. Dans un premier temps, les idées sociologiques qui fondent ce modèle sont exposées. Dans un deuxième temps, leur formalisation mathématique, d’abord, leur traduction informatique (dans une « société artificielle »), ensuite, sont disséquées. Dans un troisième temps, les résultats du traitement déductif par simulation du modèle théorique sont élaborés inductivement. D’une part, les données « simulées » sont confrontées à des données empiriques françaises et italiennes pour établir le degré de conformité entre la stratification éducative théorique et celle empirique. D’autre part, on étudie les données produites par le modèle sous des conditions expérimentales différentes de celles adoptées pour reproduire les données empiriques : le rôle de la variabilité interindividuelle dans la genèse de la stratification éducative est exploré. L’article se conclut par une discussion des limites de la modélisation et de la formalisation proposées.The article presents a generating model of educational stratification which aims analytically decompose the emergence of this one in terms of individual choices, of interactions direct and indirect between them and of structural constraints which weigh on the actors. The model suggested takes as a starting point the framework of "discrete choices models with externalities". By this one, it proposes to refine the most usually adopted theorizations in the quantitative studies of the educational stratification, namely the “rational educational choice approach”. The article guides the reader through the stages of construction and study of the model. In the first time, the sociological ideas which melt this model are exposed. In the second time, their mathematical formalization, initially, their computational translation (in an agents-based system), then, are dissected. In the third time, the results of the deductive treatment by simulation of the theoretical model are elaborate inductively. On the one hand, the "simulated" data are confronted with French and Italian empirical data to establish the degree of conformity between the theoretical educational stratification and empirical one. In addition, one studies the data produced by the model under experimental conditions different from those adopted to reproduce the empirical data: namely, the role of the interindividual variability in the genesis of the educational stratification is explored. The article is concluded by a discussion about the limits of our formal model

Reason-based explanations and analytical sociology

The paper discusses Raymond Boudon’s theory of ordinary rationality as well as his assessment of the so-called “analytical sociology”. On the first point, the paper argues that, in order to combine the realism of an unconstrained conception of rationality with the ex-ante facto predictive power of the narrow version of rational choice theory, we should better understand the relation between potentially triggering events and the actor’s “reasons”. Heuristics, social identity, and emotions are regarded as good candidates to advance in that direction. On the second point, the paper recalls some factual elements suggesting that Boudon’s assessment of analytical sociology is excessively severe and explains why some analytical sociologists are right in devoting especial attention to computational modelling.L’article discute la théorie de la rationalité ordinaire défendue par Raymond Boudon ainsi que son évaluation de la sociologie dite «  analytique ». Sur le premier point, l’article suggère que la littérature sur les heuristiques, l’identité sociale et les émotions peut aider à construire une théorie de l’action rationnelle élargie qui ne perde pas le pouvoir prédictif ex-ante facto propre à la théorie restreinte du choix rational. Sur le second point, l’article suggère que Raymond Boudon porte un jugement excessivement sévère sur la sociologie analytique et explique pourquoi certains sociologues analytiques ont des raisons fortes d’attribuer autant d’importance à la simulation informatique à base d’agents

Patient-reported outcome measures and surgery for Crohn’s disease: systematic review

Outcome; Surgery; Crohn's diseaseResultado; Cirugía; Enfermedad de CrohnResultat; Cirurgia; Malaltia de CrohnBackground/Aims Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease with up to 50 per cent of patients requiring surgery within 10 years of diagnosis. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are vital to monitor and assess patient health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This systematic review aims to evaluate PROMs within studies for perioperative Crohn's disease patients. Methods Articles from MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare and CINAHL databases were searched to find studies relating to the assessment of HRQoL in perioperative Crohn's disease patients using PROMs and patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) from 1st January 2015 to 22nd October 2023. Bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool was used for non-randomized interventional studies and the Cochrane RoB2 tool was used for randomized trials. Results 1714 journal articles were filtered down to eight studies. Six studies focused on ileocaecal resection, one on perianal fistulas and one on the effects of cholecystectomy on patients with Crohn's disease. Within these articles, ten different PROM tools were identified (8 measures of HRQoL and 2 measures of functional outcome). Overall improvements in patient HRQoL pre- to postoperative for ileocaecal Crohn's disease were found in both paediatric and adult patients. Outcomes were comparable in patients in remission, with or without stoma, but were worse in patients with a stoma and active disease. Conclusion There are significant variations in how PROMs are used to evaluate perioperative Crohn's disease outcomes and a need for consensus on how tools are used. Routine assessments using an internationally accepted online platform can be used to monitor patients and support areas of treatment pathways that require further support to ensure high standards of care. They also enable future statistical comparisons in quantitative reviews and meta-analyses

Impact of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on mortality during the COVID Pandemic among STEMI patients undergoing mechanical reperfusion : Insight from an international STEMI registry

Background: Concerns have been raised on a potential interaction between renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI) and the susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). No data have been so far reported on the prognostic impact of RASI in patients suffering from ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during COVID-19 pandemic, which was the aim of the present study. Methods: STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) and enrolled in the ISACS-STEMI COVID-19 registry were included in the present sub-analysis and divided according to RASI therapy at admission. Results: Our population is represented by 6095 patients, of whom 3654 admitted in 2019 and 2441 in 2020. No difference in the prevalence of SARSCoV2 infection was observed according to RASI therapy at admission (2.5% vs 2.1%, p = 0.5), which was associated with a significantly lower mortality (adjusted OR [95% CI]=0.68 [0.51 & ndash;0.90], P = 0.006), confirmed in the analysis restricted to 2020 (adjusted OR [95% CI]=0.5[0.33 & ndash;0.74], P = 0.001). Among the 5388 patients in whom data on in-hospital medication were available, in-hospital RASI therapy was associated with a significantly lower mortality (2.1% vs 16.7%, OR [95% CI]=0.11 [0.084 & ndash;0.14], p < 0.0001), confirmed after adjustment in both periods. Among the 62 SARSCoV-2 positive patients, RASI therapy, both at admission or in-hospital, showed no prognostic effect. Conclusions: This is the first study to investigate the impact of RASI therapy on the prognosis and SARSCoV2 infection of STEMI patients undergoing PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. Both pre-admission and in-hospital RASI were associated with lower mortality. Among SARSCoV2-positive patients, both chronic and in-hospital RASI therapy showed no impact on survival.Peer reviewe

Age-Related Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mechanical Reperfusion and 30-Day Mortality for STEMI : Results of the ISACS-STEMI COVID-19 Registry

Background: The constraints in the management of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the COVID-19 pandemic have been suggested to have severely impacted mortality levels. The aim of the current analysis is to evaluate the age-related effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mechanical reperfusion and 30-day mortality for STEMI within the registry ISACS-STEMI COVID-19. Methods: This retrospective multicenter registry was performed in high-volume PPCI centers on four continents and included STEMI patients undergoing PPCI in March–June 2019 and 2020. Patients were divided according to age (< or ≥75 years). The main outcomes were the incidence and timing of PPCI, (ischemia time longer than 12 h and door-to-balloon longer than 30 min), and in-hospital or 30-day mortality. Results: We included 16,683 patients undergoing PPCI in 109 centers. In 2020, during the pandemic, there was a significant reduction in PPCI as compared to 2019 (IRR 0.843 (95%-CI: 0.825–0.861, p < 0.0001). We found a significant agerelated reduction (7%, p = 0.015), with a larger effect on elderly than on younger patients. Furthermore, we observed significantly higher 30-day mortality during the pandemic period, especially among the elderly (13.6% vs. 17.9%, adjusted HR (95% CI) = 1.55 [1.24–1.93], p < 0.001) as compared to younger patients (4.8% vs. 5.7%; adjusted HR (95% CI) = 1.25 [1.05–1.49], p = 0.013), as a potential consequence of the significantly longer ischemia time observed during the pandemic. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the treatment of patients with STEMI, with a 16% reduction in PPCI procedures, with a larger reduction and a longer delay to treatment among elderly patients, which may have contributed to increase in-hospital and 30-day mortality during the pandemic